How do penalty shootouts work? Rules of soccer format explained

Some of the most high-stakes football matches have been determined through a penalty shootout, but what exactly are the rules of one?

The psychological warfare behind every penalty: the numbers, the dark arts and the odds

A comparison of penalty shootout designs in soccer

MLS playoffs 2022: How do penalty kick shoot-outs work? - AS USA

World Cup extra time and penalties rules: How does it all work?

World Cup rules: How extra time, penalty kicks work at 2022 tournament - DraftKings Network

Soccer Shootout Rules

Soccer penalty kicks: Explaining how shootout works, how many are taken and rules for World Cup 2022

Where to aim a penalty kick - Vox

The rise and fall of MLS's 35-yard shootout — and why it should be brought back - The Athletic

A Psychologist Spent Five Years Studying World Cup Penalty Shootouts - WSJ

World Cup 2022 in Qatar: Are there extra time and penalties in quarter-finals? Rules explained for shoot-outs - Eurosport

Can teams switch goalkeepers before penalty shootouts? Rules on substitution after extra time and before pens