Various ways by which P. falciparum parasite evades the immune system via secreted extracellular vesicles

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by infected red blood cells (iRBCs), as well as other host cells, are important regulators of the balance that determines the disease outcome. In addition, EVs constitute a robust mode of cell-to-cell communication by transferring signaling cargoes between parasites, and between parasites and host, without requiring cellular contact. The transfer of membrane and cytosolic proteins, lipids, DNA, and RNA through EVs not only modulate the immune response, it also mediates cellular communication between parasites to synchronize the transmission stage. Here, we review the recent progress in understanding EV roles during malaria.

Helminth extracellular vesicles: Interactions with the host immune

Immunity to Infection - ScienceDirect

Manipulation of host innate immune responses by the malaria

P.falciparum secretes extracellular vesicles with functional 20S

Frontiers The Cellular and Molecular Interaction Between

The immune response to Plasmodium falciparum malaria - The Lancet

Host immune evasion strategies of malaria blood stage parasite

Plasmodium falciparum infection reshapes the human microRNA

Malaria parasites both repress host CXCL10 and use it as a cue for

Escaping the enemy's bullets: an update on how malaria parasites

Exploring interactions between extracellular vesicles and cells

Malaria: Biology and Disease: Cell

Imaging of Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Plasmodium

Showing life cycle of P. falciparum parasite and how it evades the