The science behind penalty shootouts: Analysis and probabilities

One of the most polemic aspects of the game, penalty kicks are dreaded by fans and derided by casuals, but just what does the science say?

Frontiers Body Pose Estimation Integrated With Notational Analysis: A New Approach to Analyze Penalty Kicks Strategy in Elite Football

Goalkeepers 'gambler's fallacy' impacts penalty shoot-outs - BBC News

The Psychology of Perfect Penalties

World Cup penalty kicks and the psychology behind the shootout - Sports Illustrated

Penalties & Game Theory - Randomness Is Your Friend

Coin toss influences penalty shootout

Soccer Penalty Shootouts: Complexity versus Fairness

The Numbers behind Penalty Shootout in World Cup – Northwestern Sports Analytics Group

A Psychologist Spent Five Years Studying World Cup Penalty Shootouts - WSJ

The science behind penalty shootouts: Analysis and probabilities of penalty kicks - AS USA

How to win a World Cup penalty shoot-out - ABC News

A Psychologist Spent Five Years Studying World Cup Penalty Shootouts - WSJ

The empirical probability that A wins a penalty shootout over five